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PORCELAIN WARES OF CHINA
Chinese porcelain is usually green-fired or once-fired, which means that the body and the glaze are fired together. After the body of a piece is formed and finished it is dried, coated with a glaze, dried again and fired. In the high temperature of the kiln the body and the glaze are fused together to become a unit. Chinese enamelled wares are also produced in this way, but the enamels are added after the first, high-temperature, firing and the pieces are sent for a second firing in a smaller, lower-temperature kiln. Suitably modified with a flux, the material used to form the body of a piece of Chinese porcelain was often used as a glaze. The similarity in composition of the body and the glaze helped to produce a good fit between the two that reduced cracking in the glaze.Chinese porcelain is mainly made using porcelain stone, china clay or a combination of the two materials. Both rocks derive from the weathering and decomposition of granitic rocks. China clay (Gaoling) largely comprises the clay mineral kaolinite. Chinese porcelain stone, petunse (baidunzi), is a micaceous rock of variable composition which includes quartz and sericite. Porcelain stone often occurs kaolinised to a greater or lesser extent.
Porcelain stone and china clay are both are composed of platy minerals, which is to say that they are composed to varying degrees of small platelets of high surface area (external and internal) and are capable of holding relatively large amounts of water. This is of importance because some of the methods used for forming the body parts of ceramic pieces depend upon the application of compression to align the platelets and increase the plasticity and workability of the clay body. In the case of throwing, compression is applied by the hand of the potter. Chinese ceramic wares are also often classified as being either northern or southern, so called because present day China comprises two separate, and from the geological point of view distinctly different land masses, the northern and the southern. The two land masses were brought together by the action of continental drift, forming a junction that lies between the Yellow river and the Yangtze river.
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